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Synthesis of silver phyto nanoparticles and their antibacterial efficacy
Abstract
The synthesis of silver phyto nanoparticles and their antibiogram were included in this study. This is the first attempt of introducing silver herbal nanoparticle isolation and antimicrobial assessment. It also comprises about the Nanotechnology and their achievements in silver nanoparticles descriptions and production. The herbal leaves and their medicinal properties were already discussed in varieties of ayurvedic studies. The herbal leaves like Ocimum sanctum and Vitex negundo were included to analyze the productivity of nanoparticles. The synthesis of silver phyto nanoparticles were prepared by adding silver nitrate solution (10-3 M) and the silver phyto nanoparticles were isolated from these herbal leaves. The silver phyto nanoparticles were collected from each herbal plant and tested their antibacterial activity. The test cultures included in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pellets obtained were diluted at the concentration of 1:10 and were taken as 25μl, 50μl, 100μl and 150μl respectively are included in this study. The antibacterial activities of all the herbal nanoparticles obtained from Ocimum sanctum showed maximum inhibitory rate using 150μg of these plants extract compared with Vitex negundo. The silver nanoparticles from herbal leaves showed a good antibacterial activity than the plants used. Further studies needed to find out the efficacy, longevity and toxicity to improve the current investigation.
... Among the modern and alternative technologies for chemical pesticides is the use of nanoparticles technology in the control of agricultural and store pests in order to improve the various control properties. Plant extracts were used in the preparation of nanoparticles as they are rich in chemical compounds and were used in preparation as a coating, reducing and fixative [15]. And that one of the most important characteristics of this technology is the delivery of the active substance of the pesticide to the target areas, the encapsulation of the pesticide particles, control and control of the release of the active substance, as well as the preservation of the active substance from deterioration and rapid decomposition [16][17][18][19]. ...
... The rate of reduction of metal ions using plants is faster compared to other biological methods and gives more stable metal nanoparticles [30][31][32]. Plants contain chemical compounds such as flavins, ketones, terpenes, and amides that act as stabilizers, coatings, and reducing agents when preparing nanoparticles [15]. [33] indicated to the efficiency of the ethanol and hexane extract, which was prepared by the traditional and nano methods (encapsulation using nano-chitosan) of the leaves of the Moring oleifera plant, in using it as an alternative to chemical pesticides and in conjunction with different temperatures in controlling the grain beetle T. granarium. ...
The effect of four concentrations (0, 3, 1, 5%) of the nanopesticide of neem leaf extract was tested on the four stages of hairy grain beetle at five time times (1, 2, 3, 5, 7) days. The results showed that there is Significant differences between the three concentrations (1, 3, 5) compared to the fourth concentration, which represents the control treatment, where it was noted that the hatching rate of the egg stage was the lowest at the 5% concentration. As for the larva and pupal stage, the killing rate was highest at the 5% concentration on the second day While the highest killing rate for adult females was at a concentration of 5% on the first day of the treatment procedure, from this it becomes clear that the higher the concentration of the pesticide, the higher the killing rate.
... Steroid which contain diosgenin component play a vital role in antimicrobial activities. Anthraquinones also has antimicrobial properties [44] antidepressant, antiparasitic [45] and bacteriostatic. The medicinal plants with gum and mucilage are widely used as pharmaceutical adjuvant, due to its properties to act as a suspending agent [46] These secondary metabolites play a vital role in the antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria which is used in these studies. ...
... The flavonoid compounds in the water extract of M.pendansmight be actively involved and responsible for thereduction of Agto Ag0. The involvement of water-soluble flavonoid in the reduction of metalions using plant extracts is also evidenced from anotherstudy [45]. ...
Silver nanoparticles play an important role in controlling mosquito population as well as multidrug resistant pathogens. An aqueous extract of Pedalium murex L. was used for the synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity. The green synthesis of nanoparticles in plants is cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. To identify the compounds responsible for the reduction of silver ions, the functional groups present in plant extract were investigated by Fourier Transformation Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and characterization of nanoparticles was done using standard analytical methods. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at around 350-600 nm. The compounds observed from FT-IR spectra are correlated with the reduction and capping material of silver nanoparticles. The observed results suggested that the bioactive compounds present in Pedalium murexL, was found to exhibit a significant inhibitory activity against selected pathogens.
... The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research in modern material sciences. Nanotechnology is a field that is developing day by day, making an impact in all spheres of human life [18,20] and creating a growing sense of excitement in the life sciences especially biomedical devices and biotechnology (Prabhu et al., 2010) [16] . In nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles are the most prominent one. ...
... The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research in modern material sciences. Nanotechnology is a field that is developing day by day, making an impact in all spheres of human life [18,20] and creating a growing sense of excitement in the life sciences especially biomedical devices and biotechnology (Prabhu et al., 2010) [16] . In nanotechnology, silver nanoparticles are the most prominent one. ...
The present study we reported for the synthesis of AgNPs using Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz. Leaf extracts were used as reducing and capping agent from silver nitrate solution. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done by the bio reduction of silver nitrate using the plant extracts made from the leaves of Neolitsea sericea. Hence, the present study was focused to control the Gram positive strains such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Gram negative strains such as Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a fungus Candida albicans by screening their antimicrobial activity and synthesizing the silver nanoparticles. Subsequently this plant was screened to evaluate the phytochemical activities due to their high medicinal value. The dried leaves were extracted with ethanol. The extracts were subjected to various phytochemical tests. The test confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals in plant extracts. The synthesized leaf extract based silver nanoparticles were confirmed by the colour change from pale yellow to dark brown appearance. UV-visible spectroscopy studies were carried out to assess the formation of silver nanoparticles. Further, efficient antimicrobial activity of the synthesized silver nanoparticles proves the potential application of green synthesis in the area of nano-medicine.
... Revered as holy herbs in India, these plants are renowned for their medicinal properties, addressing ailments such as skin diseases, arthritis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, painful eye conditions, dysentery, diarrhea, malaria, insect bites, and cancer [107]. The therapeutic efficacy of these plants is primarily attributed to the abundance of terpenoid-rich essential oils in the leaves, crucial for AgNPs synthesis [107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116]. Key components found in the essential oils of these plants include terpinol-4 (21-30%), linalool (17-19%), -terpinene, thymol, and sesquiterpenoids. ...
Terpenoids are a group of secondary metabolites derived from isoprene and are among the most diverse natural products responsible for crucial role in the metabolism of organisms. They are found in various forms, including terpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, and glycosides. Terpenes have a broad range of medicinal properties and are used to prepare drugs such as artemisinin. Metallic nanoparticles that are formed by plants have garnered significant interest across various fields, including medicine, the environment, food processing, and agriculture. Using plant extracts to reduce metals is regarded as both eco-friendly and affordable and has recently gained popularity for synthesizing various classes of nanoparticles. In this study, we reviewed plant-derived terpenes (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, and meroterpenes), their applications in medicine, and for the synthesis of nanoparticles. This review is relevant to researchers interested in combating bacterial infections and cancers and in using terpenoids in the synthesis of nanoparticles.
... Nanotechnology is making an impact in all spheres of human life and creating a growing sense of excitement in the life sciences, especially biomedicine and biotechnology (Singh et al., 2010) (Prabhu et al., 2010). The synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been synthesized using green methods which are less usage of chemicals, non-toxic and low cost and Environmental friendly.Silver has greater toxicity against a wide range of microorganisms. ...
The book Medicinal Plants and Healing of Human Health Focuses on differentaspect of the importance of medicinal plants and human health. Every civilization has employed herbal medicine to cure and prevent illness throughout history. The resources used in each culture were those that were accessible in the area and cateredto regional health issues. Cultural traditions were exposed through immigration and trade, where they were frequently supplanted by contemporary scientific ideas and medical procedures. It included contemporary topics like the role of natural productsand, emerging drug discovery trends in the field of Oncology, Forgotten Wisdom: Reviving the Legacy of Ethnomedicine through Plant-Based Remedies, Indianmedicinal plants used in hair problems, Ethnopharmacological application of medicinal plants to cure skin diseases and in folklore cosmetics among the major tribal communities of India and Antibacterial Activity Of Artabotrys Flower Oil On Atopic Dermatitis Pathogen Causes Skin Infection.
... The disc diffusion method, as reported by Prabhu et al. (2010), was used to examine the anti-fungal action of AS-AgNPs against S. australis, which was grown for three days on a GYA plate. Under aseptic circumstances, sterile discs (5 mm in diameter) were positioned and filled with 150 µl of AS-AgNPs (0.2 mmol) using a micropipette. ...
Role of Silver Nanoparticles Synthetized by Marine Red Algae, Acanthophora spicifera, Against Saprolegniosis in Oreochromis niloticus The anti-fungal activity of Acanthophora spicifera-synthetized silver nanoparticles (AS-AgNPs) was tested in vitro against S. australis. In vivo, 160 Oreochromis niloticus (25±0.57 grams) were separated into 4 groups; group 1 and group 2 received 0 mg/L and 0.9 mg/L AS-AgNPs, respectively, and were not exposed to S. aus-tralis. Group 3 and group 4 were experimentally infected with S. australis and imperiled to 0 and 0.9 mg/L AS-AgNPs for 96 hours, respectively. At all levels, survival rates, non-specific immune indices, antioxidant activities, and expression analysis of IL-8 and TNF-α genes in the anterior kidneys were estimated. Moreover, histopathological pictures of the skin and underlying musculature were investigated. Results showed that AS-AgNPs produced an inhibitory zone with a diameter of around 12 millimeters. A significant survival rate (72.50%) accompanied by marked non-specific immune responses and antioxidant activities was recorded in the infected-treated group. The histopathological picture of the skin and underlying musculature of diseased fish (group 3) exhibited degenerative changes in the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin and the myocytes. Intriguingly, infected fish treated with AS-AgNPs (group 4) showed normal histological structures of the skin and underlying musculature. Based on these findings, AS-AgNPs have a curative outcome against the destructive effects of S. australis infection and are a potential option for the control of S. australis infection in aquaculture.
... The dishes were subsequently kept at ambient temperature for 20 minutes before being placed in an incubator at 37 °C for a duration of 24 hours. The size of the inhibitory region was then determined using a ruler and presented in millimeters [21]. ...
Given the increasing resistance of some bacterial strains to many common antibiotics used in the local market, the current study aimed to produce nanoscale particles capable of combating pathogenic bacteria that have developed resistance to current antibiotics. In this research, an ex-perimental study was conducted to produce nanoscale particles using the single-celled blue-green algae Synechococcus sp., which was isolated from a local environment in the Arab Republic of Egypt, specifically from a soil sample in Beni-Suef City. The aim of the study was to generate silver NPs employing different biological approaches, encompassing the direct strain powder technique, ethanol extract pellet technique, and ethanol extract technique. These synthesized nanoparticles displayed different shapes, including cubic, spherical, pellet-like, and rod-shaped particles. They were characterized by bio-functional groups containing Ag+ ions, which were detected using FT-IR, Zeta sizer, and Zeta potential measurements. High-resolution SEM imaging unveiled the mor-phological features of Silver NPs with biologically formed protective layers, spanning sizes from 20 to 430 nm for individual particles. The study evaluated the antibacterial efficiency against both G+ve and G-ve bacteria. The ethanolic extract technique exhibited the largest inhibition zone (24 mm) against G+ve bacteria, particularly Staphy. aureus. Furthermore, it was observed that the larger particles produced using the powder and pellet techniques were less effective antibacterial agents. In conclusion, this investigation emphasizes the potential of cyanobacteria-based synthesis of silver nanoparticles as a promising approach for producing innovative antimicrobial agents.
... Provided that environmental and safety concerns can be addressed in a meaningful and open fashion, there seems little doubt that this technology, after years of incubation, will finally accrue long sought-after benefit for its promoters (Aldridge et al., 2006). The use of anodic silver ions as preserving agents in cosmetics was tested by a challenged test in a set of cosmetic dispersions with the addition of known preservative inhibitors or microorganism's growth promoters such as humectants, hydro soluble collagen and vegetable extracts (Prabhu et al., 2010). SEM analyses of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were clearly distinguishable which measured 4 -30 nm (Singhal et al., 2011) in size. ...
... Provided that environmental and safety concerns can be addressed in a meaningful and open fashion, there seems little doubt that this technology, after years of incubation, will finally accrue long sought-after benefit for its promoters (Aldridge et al., 2006). The use of anodic silver ions as preserving agents in cosmetics was tested by a challenged test in a set of cosmetic dispersions with the addition of known preservative inhibitors or microorganism's growth promoters such as humectants, hydro soluble collagen and vegetable extracts (Prabhu et al., 2010). SEM analyses of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were clearly distinguishable which measured 4 -30 nm (Singhal et al., 2011) in size. ...
... [4][5][6] Due to the abundance of phytochemicals, plants serve as the primary medium for the synthesis and development of nanoparticles. 7 Nanoparticles were used in a variety of ways in the separate industries of pharmaceuticals, electronics, medicine, and diagnostic tools. Silver nano-molecules have a comprehensive assortment of medical uses, including treatment such as burn victims, antibacterial activity, targeted medication delivery, and more. ...
Creating efficient therapeutic techniques against multi-drug resistant pathogens is crucial in the age of rising bacterial resistance and infectious disease outbreaks. In this case, Annona squamosa seed and leaf extract were used to create silver nanoparticles, which were then assessed using various characterization techniques, including UV-vis scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, particle size, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The synthesized AgNPs were tested for their ability to combat a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as their ability to control free radicals and inflammation brought on by skin damage caused by microbial infection. AgNPs from seeds have a greater effect than those from leaves, so they were used to create several batches of gel formulation utilizing different gelling agents such as HPMC, chitosan, and Carbopol. Gel was also evaluated for its physical characteristics, including color, clarity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and extrudability. It also underwent a centrifugation test and a drug release test. Since the F6 batch outperformed the other batches in the evaluation test, it was chosen to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory
... Since synthesizing such metal nanoparticles involves optimizing the main influencing factors on nanoparticle synthesis, the design of experiments (DoE) was carried out in this work. Currently, the DoE approach is rigorously used in various fields of science, such as analytical chemistry and formulation development, for optimization purposes [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Optimizing important synthesis parameters was done using Design Expert (Ver.13). ...
... 39 Another investigation also found that water-soluble flavonoids were involved in the reduction of metal ions utilizing plant extracts. 40 Meanwhile, the Tyndall effect was especially relevant to colloidal suspensions at room temperature, with the production of AgNPs-Fd exhibiting an immediate pale brown color. It also demonstrated that the AgNPs-Fd were strongly formed and stable in the aqueous phase, with no precipitation. ...
Background: Ficus deltoidea L. Jack is a folk medicinal plant known for its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-angiogenic. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-angiogenic properties of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using F. deltoidea leaf extract (AgNPs-Fd).
Methods: The AgNPs-Fd were synthesized by mixing 100 mL 1 mM aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) and 100 mL 0.1% F. deltoidea ethanolic leaf extract. The resulting AgNPs-Fd were observed for color change and Tyndall effects. Reaction mixture color change from pale brown to reddish brown was observed at 48 h at 37°C. The characterization of AgNPs-Fd was completed with UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. For quantitative analysis of the vascular network in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, AngioTool open-source software was used.
Results: The plasmon resonance peak for AgNPs-Fd at 430 nm was visible in the UV-Visible spectrum, indicating the formation of AgNPs-Fd. The F. deltoidea extract and nanoparticles interacted well according to FTIR analysis. The AgNPs-Fd morphology of 20 nm particle sizes was observed using TEM. The chromatographic analysis of AgNPs-Fd identified potential anti-angiogenic compounds, such as phytol, stigmasterol, lupeol and sitosterol. The angiogenic inhibition properties of AgNPs-Fd were tested using the CAM assay. The 90 mg dose AgNPs-Fd treatment in CAMs demonstrated significant anti-angiogenesis, indicating effectiveness in controlling vessel formation.
Conclusions: The present study suggests that eco-friendly work and the “green” process of AgNPs-Fd is potentially applicable for nanobiotechnology in anti-angiogenic fields.
... Nanostructures are based on the influence of individual atoms or molecules to produce materials for functioning well below the nanometre 100 nm [1][2][3][4][5]. A new branch of scientific endeavour called green nanotechnology starts emerging and developing as one of the frontiers of science and engineering today [6][7][8][9][10]. Many innovative inventions are emerging every day in the field of nanoscience for the betterment of the society. ...
... Besides that, the evidence of Sereemaspun et al. [29] speculated the suppression of oxidation-based biological systems even by the permeability of metallic nanosized rods across the cofactor cell wall [29,30]. The mechanisms responsible for the biosynthetic pathway of these palladium nanorods were presumed to be that the organic matrix incorporates palladium adhesive affinity that supplies amino acid conjugates that offer nucleation platforms [31,32]. ...
Conventional water treatment tools have a great deal of difficulty in attempting to remove such contaminants. Green-derived palladium nanoparticles have been used as a photocatalyst in this study to break down fabric dye in an aqueous environment utilizing visible light irradiation. Palladium nanoparticles were developed using a sustainable strategy and cumin Cuminum extract. Pd NPs’ (111), (200), (220), and (311) interlayer planes corresponding to the diffraction peaks at 2θ values were 38.9°, 45.2°, 65.4°, and 82°. Pd NPs may include phyto-chemicals or anti-oxidants in herbal extract, as shown by blue emission with an emission peak at 480 nm and an excitation peak at 460 nm. SEM analysis confirmed that the size of the PdNPs was 13 nm, and it is spherical and tubular rods. The rod-like formations may be seen to have particle diameters between 12 and 22 nm from TEM analysis. The object’s diffraction fringe is consistently metallic Pd in the face-centered cubic stage, with a period of 0.245 nm. The deletion of the UV absorption peak at 519 nm revealed that the saffranin O dye had been eliminated. Considering a quantum yield of m = 2.37 s⁻¹, efficient decolorization of palladium nanoparticles was estimated to be 98% after 90 min. In addition, the photodegradation was shown to use the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic approach, as shown by the regression model’s R² of 0.98. The maximal diameter of the hindrance zone for Escherichia coli was determined to be 24 mm, especially at lower concentrations (10 µl/ml).
... The plates were left at room temperature for 20 minutes and incubated at 37 °C for 24h. The inhibitory zone was measured with a ruler and expressed in millimeters [33]. ...
Background
Nanobiotechnology is a cutting-edge field that is revolutionizing the way we produce and utilize nanoparticles. With bacteria becoming increasingly resistant to traditional antibiotics, researchers are exploring new ways to synthesize antimicrobials.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the biosynthesis of different forms of silver nanoparticles using different biological methods from Microcystis sp. to be used as an antimicrobial agent.
Methods
We employed the direct strain powder method, ethanolic extract pellets, and ethanolic extract. Then a combination of analytical techniques was used to characterize the properties of nanoproperties. Finally, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs against a panel of bacteria and fungi.
Results
AgNPs were found in various forms, such as cubic, spherical, and rod shapes. UV-Vis detected a peak at 420 nm, and SEM identified the AgNPs with bio-capped layers ranging from 40-130 nm. The antibacterial test revealed that the pellet method produced the most effective AgNPs, specifically against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus sp. with a clear zone of 32 mm, while the larger cubic AgNPs produced by the powder method were less effective as antibacterial agents.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that AgNPs can be produced using Microcysts sp. as a reducing and capping agent; furthermore, they are produced in different shapes as cubic, spherical, and rod shapes. Besides that, cubic nanoparticles are more effective in killing germs than spherical ones. The results of this study will help to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of AgNPs biosynthesis and pave the way for the development of new and more effective antimicrobial agents.
... The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles was tested by standard agar well diffusion method [18]. Many pathogens, including Ecoli and S.aureus, have been evaluated for antibacterial activity in the biosynthesized Ag-NPs. ...
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) belongs to Zingiberaceae family is one of the famous spices all over the world. It is a perennial creeping plant with long leaves, yellow green flowers and thick tuberous rhizome. Silver nanoparticles’ potential uses in Green Chemistry have received attention. The current study focuses on the rapid biological production of silver nanoparticles using different plant materials and characterizations using UV-visible spectrophotometry, IR, SEM, and HPLC investigations. Within 15 minutes of adding sodium carbonate, an aqueous extract of dried Zingiber officinalis rhizome reduces silver nitrate. No further reduction and stabilizing chemicals are required for the entire process, showing a green synthesis. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus use biosynthesized “Zinger-AgNps” as a competent antibacterial agent. Zinger-AgNps were evaluated as its catalytic capability to reduce the model pollutant methylene blue. Both of them are displayed 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-specific free radical scavenging activity (DPPH). Silver biological material nanoparticles are created by utilizing less hazardous and nontoxic reduction agents, such as ascorbic acid and sodium citrate. The antioxidant and lipid peroxidation inhibition properties of ginger prevent peroxidative damage, indicating the benefits of ginger in the prevention of microbial food spoilage, free-radical-induced damage and rancidity. The sodium citrate aggregation for silver nanoparticles, firm surface contact, and synthesized silver nanoparticles are used to study antibacterial efficacy and antioxidant activity.
... The use of herbal leaves like Ocimum sanctum and Vitex negundo for the synthesis of AgNPs has also been reported, showing antibacterial activity against Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris [66]. Another report noted the green synthesis of AgNPs employing a shadow-dried Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract in the AgNO3 solution [67]. ...
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit distinctive attributes and continue to entice researchers to investigate new dimensions of their worth. Amongst the different noble metal NPs, silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles have stolen the limelight. AgNPs and AuNPs are typically synthesized using hazardous chemicals, which affect the environment and human health. This necessitated the development of environment-friendly techniques and gave rise to the green synthesis methodology. Plant-based biological molecules in the form of extracts are the backbone of plant-mediated production of NPs, which outperforms conventional chemical techniques. These natural molecules undergo a strictly regulated assembling process to make them appropriate for forming metal NPs. These plant-based metallic NPs also display well-known biological characteristics, such as antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, wound repair, etc. The remarkable benefits of this environmentally friendly technique have also opened the door for fascinating advancements in the synthesis of NPs. The current review highlights the plant's plethora that can be employed to quickly generate a nanoparticulate system adhering to green principles than conventional ones. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the most recent patents and research articles on the synthesis, applications, environmental effects, and future prospects of Ag and AuNPs is provided. Conclusively, it's imperative to focus on creating engineered NPs that are less toxic, have controllable size, shape, and improved health benefits, and expand their application in related industries.
... It has been shown that AgNPs consist of Ag (0) atoms. AgNPs are greater in size than a Ag ion, which enhances their anti-microbial effectiveness (Shankar et al., 2003a,b;Shankar et al., 2004;Ankamwar et al., 2005;Chandran et al., 2006;Sharma et al., 2007;Thirumurgan et al., 2009;Saxena et al., 2010;Thirumurgan et al., 2010;Nabikhan et al., 2010;Elumalai et al., 2010;Geethalakshmi and Sarada, 2010;Khandelwal et al., 2010;Prabhu et al., 2010;Savithramma et al., 2011a,b;Mukunthan et al., 2011;Gnanadesigan et al., 2011;Kouvaris et al., 2012;Ghosh et al., 2012). ...
... Among these techniques are the Wilhelmy plate technique, electromagnetic force transducer for the tensile stress, while adhesion tests are based on measurement of the force required to separate two polymer-coated glass slides with a film of mucus sandwiched between, to know the shear stress as observed in the design of a flow chamber method (Calero et al. 2010). Other approaches are the rheological method (Prabhu et al. 2010) and the viscometric method (Thirawong et al. 2008) which evaluate in vivo behavior of mucoadhesive polymers and quantify mucin-polymer bioadhesive strength, respectively. In some recent studies, especially in limited resource environments, a tablet dissolution machine was adaptively used to evaluate the interaction between the gum polymer and mucosal tissue surfaces (Emikpe et al. 2016;Mumin et al. 2020). ...
... The reductions of metal ion in plant leaves were solely responsible for ignition of Ag + formation at nano level (appearance of colour change from yellow to yellowish brown confirms the nanoparticles synthesis). White color AgNO3 and green color of aqueous solution when react together then color change was observed from yellow to yellowish brown based on the incubation at 24h (Fig. 1) (Prabhu et al., 2010;Ramya et al., 2017). The Silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at range of 440 nm (Fig. 2). ...
This study was focused on a cost efficient, eco-friendly and safe technique for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticle using leaves of medicinally important plant Cissampelos pareira and its antibacterial activity. This
approach showed that leaf extract of Cissampelos pareira reduced silver nitrate into Ag0 for the formation of silver
nanoparticles. The generated silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier
Transform Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with EDAX. The biosynthesized silver
nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer peak at 430 nm. SEM images of Siver nanoparticles leaf
extract of Cissampelos pareira were spherical in shape with size ranges from 10 to 50 nm. Antibacterial activity of
Silver nanoparticles of Cissampelos pareira leaf extract was carried out aqainst bacterial pathogens like Escherichia
coli, Salmonella typhii, Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus aureus by dics diffusion method. Maximum zone of
inhibition were noticed in the P. mirabilis followed by Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii and Staphylococcus aureus.
All the values showed p<0.001 level of significance.
... All the plates were allowed to diffuse the extracts for 1 h and then were incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The diameter of the zone of inhibition was measured in millimeter (mm) using a ruler (Prabhu et al., 2010). All the tests were performed in triplicates. ...
Background
The upper belt of Azad Kashmir is a hilly, mountainous, and remote area where the indigenous communities mainly believe in traditional medicines for the treatment of different ailments. This study aimed to conserve scientifically and culturally important medicinal knowledge of Primula species in Azad Kashmir, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. The additional objective was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of these plants against pathogenic bacteria.
Methods
The ethnomedicinal data of Primula species was explored by conducting structured interviews with 40 informants of the study area, especially asking about the medicinal uses of Primula species. The indigenously used Primula species were further analyzed for their antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by using disc diffusion assay supplemented with a more robust minimum inhibitory concentration assay.
Results
Ethnomedicinal data revealed that indigenous communities living in upper regions of Azad Kashmir use 5 Primula species for the treatment of various disorders. The highly cited disease category was ophthalmic disorders. P. denticulata and P. macrophylla were the most cited plant species with higher use reports such as 104 and 93, respectively. One or more extracts of different parts of Primula species showed a noteworthy antibacterial activity against one or more tested bacteria.
Conclusion
This study provides novel information regarding several categories of traditional uses and antibacterial activity of Primula species in Azad Kashmir, Western Himalaya. The need for novel and more effective drugs derived from natural products is more important than ever, making future studies on herbal remedies both justified and urgently required.
... It has been shown that AgNPs consist of Ag (0) atoms. AgNPs are greater in size than a Ag ion, which enhances their anti-microbial effectiveness (Shankar et al., 2003a,b;Shankar et al., 2004;Ankamwar et al., 2005;Chandran et al., 2006;Sharma et al., 2007;Thirumurgan et al., 2009;Saxena et al., 2010;Thirumurgan et al., 2010;Nabikhan et al., 2010;Elumalai et al., 2010;Geethalakshmi and Sarada, 2010;Khandelwal et al., 2010;Prabhu et al., 2010;Savithramma et al., 2011a,b;Mukunthan et al., 2011;Gnanadesigan et al., 2011;Kouvaris et al., 2012;Ghosh et al., 2012). ...
... Regions at 1315-1037 and 1456-1600 cm −1 were referred to phenolic groups participating in ion replacement response of flavanones' plant extract [48]. Therefore, flavonoids present in PPE are responsible for Ag + to Ag 0 reduction, capping, and stability of AgNPs [49]. Shankar et al. [50] had suggested that flavanones of plant extract might be adsorbed on the metal nanoparticle surface and deter-mined by strong bands at 1074 cm −1 . ...
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were extensively used in different fields worldwide. There is a continued increase in their productions to fulfill various uses. Biological and chemical AgNP syntheses were the most popular mechanisms in this field. Agrowastes are rich in proteins, phenolics, and flavonoids that could act as bioreductant agents in AgNP biological synthesis. The present study was aimed at synthesizing AgNPs via chemical and biological methods using trisodium citrate, pomegranate fruit peel, and coffee ground waste extracts. Moreover, silver nanoparticles were monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and characterized using zeta potential, size distribution mean, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Four pathogenic bacterial strains (Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and MRSA) were used to assess the antimicrobial effect of the synthesized AgNPs (2, 4, and 8 mg/ml). Results report the successful formation of silver nanoparticles chemically (AgNPs_Chem) and biologically by using pomegranate peel extract (AgNPs_PPE) and coffee ground waste extract (AgNPs_CE) due to the change of color to dark brown that is confirmed by UV-vis sharp absorption spectra at specific wavelengths. Characterization using SEM and XRD revealed their crystalline shape with a mean size of AgNPs_Chem=62.75, AgNPs_CE=273.7 nm, and AgNPs_PPE=591.9 nm. AgNPs_Chem show higher negativity of zeta potential (−46.7 mV) than AgNPs_CE (−12.6 mV), followed by AgNPs_PPE (−7.98 mV), which had the least stability. All the synthesized AgNPs show antimicrobial potential on all selected strains. However, 8 mg/ml shows the most effective concentration and has more efficiency on K. pneumoniae than others. Overall, the results highlight that the use of agrowastes could be an ecofriendly way to synthesize AgNPs biologically that have the same antimicrobial effect as the chemically synthesized AgNPs.
... Among these techniques are the Wilhelmy plate technique, electromagnetic force transducer for the tensile stress, while adhesion tests are based on measurement of the force required to separate two polymer-coated glass slides with a film of mucus sandwiched between, to know the shear stress as observed in the design of a flow chamber method (Calero et al. 2010). Other approaches are the rheological method (Prabhu et al. 2010) and the viscometric method (Thirawong et al. 2008) which evaluate in vivo behavior of mucoadhesive polymers and quantify mucin-polymer bioadhesive strength, respectively. In some recent studies, especially in limited resource environments, a tablet dissolution machine was adaptively used to evaluate the interaction between the gum polymer and mucosal tissue surfaces (Emikpe et al. 2016;Mumin et al. 2020). ...
There is an increased interest in the use of plant extracts as therapeutic agents exploring their ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic microorganisms; however, there has been a dearth of information on their application as adjuvants and vaccine delivery agents. Gums and mucilages from several plants have been evaluated for both bioadhesive and phytogenic properties. Gums prepared from Abelmoschus esculentus, Irvingia gabonensis, and Boswellia carteri were used as mucosal delivery agents for PPR vaccine in goats and sheep using the intranasal route of vaccine application. The application was comparable to the conventional subcutaneous route of PPR vaccination in terms of humoral immune response induction and duration of antibodies. Mixtures of gums were prepared from Cedrela odorata, Khaya senegalensis, and Boswellia carteri as oral and ocular delivery agents for Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease vaccines in broilers. The gums act as adjuvants to enhance immune response to the poultry diseases. Gums and mucilages of plant origin have great potential as both delivery agents and adjuvants in vaccines for the prevention and treatment of poultry and animal diseases.
... Silver phytonanoparticles have been synthesized by Prabhu et al. (2010) with the leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Vitex negundo. The composite release of silver showed antimicrobial efficacy against various microbes. ...
... Medicinal plants mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles showed good inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diptheriae and Candida albicans [13]. In this study the silver nanoparticle synthesized using aqueous extract of Aloe Barbadensis as reducing agent has exhibited a fairly significant antibacterial activity against B.thureingenesis , S.aureus ,E.coli, Agarobacterim tumefaciens and S.typhi with distinct zone of inhibition as per table no.1 which is more as compare to reported one by [14]against only two pathogen here in our present work we detect antibacterial activity against five pathogens. ...
Nanotechnology is a field that is making a mark in research field day by day and making an impact in all sphere of human life. Nano particles possess unique, electrical, optical as well as biological properties and are thus applied in catalysis, cosmetics, bio sensing and antimicrobial activity by using plant extract of Aloe barbadensis under different experimental condition eco-friendly silver nanoparticles was synthesized. Aloe barbadensis has been reported to possess immunodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and UV protective, antiprotozoal, wound and burn healing promoting properties. Synthesis of silver nano particles can be observed qualitatively by colour differentiation pattern (colour changed from pale yellow to reddish brown). Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by double beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FT-IR. Green synthesized nanoparticles was found to be 194.2 nm determined by Zeta potential. Antibacterial activity shown by synthesized silver nanoparticles against pathogen such as E-coli, S.typhi, S.aureus, B.thuringiensis, A.tumefaciens by agar well diffusion method. Bacteriocidal efficiency of synthesized silver nanoparticles was also analysed by viable counts. The Haemolysis percentage was found to be 3.8 by green synthesized silver nanoparticles which were prepared by using Aloe Vera extract which was relatively less toxic. Thus the AgNP's biosynthesis using Aloe barbadensis would prove a novel tool in the study of nanotechnology.
... The spectra for the silver nanoparticles for all four medicinal plants range from 416 to 438 nm. Surface Plasmon resonance within this wavelength range usually indicates silver nanoparticle formation [33,34]. Silver nanoparticles biosynthesized from the leaves extract of Carica papaya, Garcinia kola, Moringa oleifera and Mangifera indica showed broad spectrum antibacterial activities against both Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria-Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella paraptyphi. ...
The antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaves of four medicinal plants, Carica papaya (CP), Moringa oleifera (MO), Mangifera indica (MI) and Garcinia kola (GK) were assessed against selected gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Method of synthesis of nanoparticles utilized was the eco-friendly Bio-based method using plant leaves extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. Two different ratios for each plant extract and silver nitrate (1:1 and 1:2) respectively were used. Particle characterization was carried out using visual inspection and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar diffusion method. Visual inspection revealed gradual color change from golden yellow to dark brown, confirming nanoparticles formation. The surface plasmon resonance peak was between 416 and 438 nm for the silver nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 3.125-12.5µg/ml. In conclusion, all four biogenic silver nanoparticles have reasonable antimicrobial activity with ratio 1:2 being more potent.
... The antimicrobial activity of Helichrysum arenarium plant and zinc nanoparticles was investigated by disk diffusion method (Prabhu et al., 2010). Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli ATCC 25952, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans ATTC 90028 were used as pathogens. ...
Active substance production at the nano-level attracts attention in the scientific world due to its wide application area. Different methods are used for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Recent studies have focused on non-toxic, environmentally friendly synthesis methods. Nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using various biological elements such as plants, microorganisms and proteins have taken part in many scientific studies. Plants, which have an important potential in active ingredient production, are highly preferred in nanoparticle production. Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM / SEM-EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Ultraviolet visible light absorption Spectroscopy (UV-vis) techniques were used for the structural and morphological characterization of Zn nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using Helichrysum arenarium plant extract and ZnO.The antioxidant capacity of Zn NPs/Ha structures was determined by performing the DPPH test. Antimicrobial effects of zinc nanoparticles on six different pathogens (Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Escherichia coli ATCC 25952, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Candida albicans ATTC 90028) were investigated. As a result of this studies, it has been observed that it has an inhibitory effect against some pathogen microorganisms. It has also been found that its antioxidant content is at a significant level.
... Nanotechnology is a subdivision of biotechnology that deals with the study and use of structures between 1 nm to 100 nm in size. Nanotechnology is now forming a rising impression of enthusiasm in the life sciences especially in biomedical devices and Biotechnology [1]. Among the nanoparticles in use silver nanoparticles seems to have numerous and essential uses. ...
Biologically produced silver nanoparticles are being used extensively in the area of medicine. Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was carried out by using Cassia occidentalis leaves extracts for the reduction of aqueous silver ions in short phase. This research is aimed at determining the antibacterial efficacy of some standard antibiotics discs coated with biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles from Cassia occidentalis leaves. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and triterpenoids. The silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed by the colour change of plant extracts from yellow to dark brown. Standard antibiotics discs were coated with Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles at various concentrations and tested for antibacterial activity using disc diffusion method. The test cultures include S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae and E. coli. The antibacterial activity of standard antibiotics discs coated with Phytosynthesized silver nanoparticles was analyzed by measuring the zone of inhibition. The result indicated that S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. coli are sensitive; similarly the MIC result shows that S. typhi and E. coli are sensitive at 250µg/ml concentration whereas K. pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa are sensitive at 500 µg/ml; the MBC result indicated that E. coli, S. typhi and K. pneumoniae are sensitive at 250 µg/ml, 500 µg/ml, 1000 µg/ml respectively while P. aeruginosa was resistant. Antibiotics discs coated with phytosynthesized AgNPs showed higher antibacterial effects against the bacterial isolates when compared with standard antibiotics alone.
... Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted the attention among scientists, due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, or healing properties (Tian et al. 2007;Prabhu et al. 2010). They have also been incorporated in detergents, water purifiers, paints, and textiles for the clothing manufacturing (Lee et al. 2007). ...
The increased use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is expected to result in negative environmental impact, particularly on aquatic ecosystems. The effect of AgNPs to aquatic plants has received little attention. Azolla filiculoides is an interesting aquatic fern with phytoremediation capacities. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the interaction of AgNPs with A. filiculoides, observing NPs internalization, accumulation, and effects on growth and root structure with high-resolution imaging and analytical techniques. The AgNPs bio-synthesized with Camellia sinensis extracts showed regular shape (quasi-spherical) and size (26.74 ± 0.52 nm). A. filiculoides plants were grown in Yoshida nutrient solution (pH 5) and exposed to AgNPs (0.0, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 100.0 mg L−1), under a completely random experimental design. The Spearman’s correlation indicated a high negative relation between the AgNPs concentration, and dry biomass (DB), associated with a higher duplication rate (DR). AgNP internalization and distribution were studied with high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) combined with backscattered electron (BSE) images on surfaces and thin (70 nm) sections of roots and fronds. Our results support the hypothesis that AgNPs deposit on roots and fronds subphases and dissociate into Ag+ that enter the root and accumulate in the endodermis, where they form AgNPs. Structural damages on the rhizodermis and vascular cylinder at high concentrations (100.0 mg AgNPs L−1) suggest the impairment of the main functions of roots, reducing either Ag+ or AgNP uptake and translocation, affecting plant growth and silver accumulation in the fern.
... The field of nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research in modern material sciences. Nanotechnology is a field that is developing day by day, making an impact in all spheres of human life [1] and creating a growing sense of excitement in the life sciences especially biomedical devices and biotechnology [2]. The synthesis and assembly of nanoparticles would benefit from the development of clean, nontoxic and environmentally acceptable "green chemistry" probably involving organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi and even plants [3,4]. ...
In this present study the silver nanoparticles were synthesized from (1mM) aqueous silver nitrate through a simple and eco-friendly method using leaf broth of Tinospora cordifolia as reducing and capping agent. The extract incubated with AgNO 3 showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from greenish to reddish brown it indicates the silver nanopaticles synthesis. The aqueous silver ions when exposed to leaf broth were reduced and resulted in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles ranges from 3.3 to 20.6 nm. The bioreduced silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed a peak at 480 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR peaks were in the extract ranging from 500 to 4000 cm-1 which confirmed the presence of polyphenols with aromatic ring and bound amide region requird for the synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparicles. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis show the 2Ø values. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was performed on various gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The silver nanoparticles showed more inhibitory activity on pathogenic gram positive than gram negative bacteria.
... A number of nanoparticles based therapeutic have been accepted clinically for infections, vaccines and renal diseases [2]. Oligodynamic silver having antimicrobial efficacy extends well beyond its virotoxicity and it have lethal effects spanned across all microbial domains [3]. The application of silver nanoparticles in drug delivery, drug discovery and new drug therapies have declare war on many dead full diseases and they use the body natural transport pathway and natural mechanism of uptake of the drug by the diseased cells [4]. ...
In the present investigation, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using fresh leaf extract of Aristolochia bracteata Retz. (Aristolochiaceae). The extract incubated with AgNO 3 showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from greenish to reddish brown it indicates the silver nanopaticles synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized and investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Visible absorption spectrum recorded for the solution shows the distinguishing surface plasmon significance band for silver nanoparticles in the range of 375 nm to 620nm. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of different functional groups like secondary Alcohol (O-H stretch, H-bonded), Alkanes (-C-H-stretch), Alkene (C=C-stretching), Aromatic (C=C stretching), Alkane (-C-H bending), Ether (C-O stretching), Alkene (=C-H bending). The characterization of silver nanoparticles by XRD studies revealed the average particle size to be 7.2nm. On assessment with the silver nitrate and plant extracts, silver nanoparticles outperformed the antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Micrococcus luteus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
... In life sciences the topic nanotechnology is developing intrest especially in biomedical devices and biotechnology (8). Due to the size of biologically active nanoparticles (1-2u) it is broadlysuggested for management of wide range of unrelievedalinments. ...
Thousands of years old medicinal knowledge is still found in Ayurveda. Ayurvedaworks on maintaining the health of healthy and curing the diseased. Itexplains about natural mineral medicine, which has ability of giving humans healthy life.The importance of metals in human physiology are well known. Human body requires metals and their shortage cause diseases. One of the part of Ayurveda called Rasa-Sashtra has knowledge about Herbo-minerals/metals/non-metals preparation called Bhasma (Ash) obtained through burning (Puta) of metals. This study consist of concept of Bhasma. The raw stuff go through an intricate procedure of filterationwhich comes after reaction phase, that means assimilation of supplementary minerals which are obtained by repeating these methods several times. Only incineration of metal is not done,alsoconverted into organic active nanoparticles 1-2u in size.The Indian subcontinent knew that the size of the Bhasmaincreaseassimilation and digestion of the medicine in the nucleus of the cell to exactgoal as prefer and thus broadlysuggested for handling of multiplicity of dangerous alinments. Bhasma plays important role in the body system like providing simplyengrossed and utilizable calcium, cleans kidney, intestine, liver, help metabolize iron in the body etc. When subjected under electron microscope various Bhasma are found similar tonanocraystalline materials processing similar physico chemical properties. The Bhasmas are in namometer dimension therefore possibly it can be called as nanomedicine and they are devoid of toxic in adequate therapeutic doses. Thusstandardisation is extremelyessentialso as to verifyalong with its value, clarity, wellbeing, efficiencyas well asit'ssuitability.
... The physiochemical chemical characteristics of AgNps make them to be used in vast industrial applications such as,in the preparation of adhesives, electronic devises, pastes etc . Extending benefits in biomedical, drug delivery to water treatment and agricultural 1 .There are several physio-chemical methods available for synthesis of nanoparticle, though the methods are cost effective in terms of yield, but they are associated with the limitations like use of toxic chemicals and high operational cost and energy needs [2][3][4] . Considering the drawbacks of physiochemical methods, an alternative costeffective and energy efficient synthesis of AgNPsfrom plant extracts is practised from decade 5 . ...
In recent years, there has been an expandable interest in the development of novel drug delivery systems using nanoparticles. Among metallic nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are crucial due to their physiochemical and antimicrobial properties which help in several therapies. In the present study aqueous and ethanol extracts from leaf and fruit of Passiflorafoetida Linn. or commonly known as stinking passion flower plant were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle. Characterization studiesinvolvedUV-vis, peak absorption for extract followed by FTIR studies to understand structure and respective bonds of synthesized nanoparticle and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-Scanning electron microscopy analysis of nanoparticle were done to understand the surface morphology and composition of the elements. Antimicrobial property was determined through agar well diffusion. The study showed Uv-vis absorption peak for leaf extract falling between 320-490nm and fruit extract between 310-390nm. FTIR studies revealed presence of aromatic groups, alkyl halide group, alcohol group, alkenes group, and halide groups resent in varying proportion denoting presence of biomolecule involved in capping & stabilizing nanoparticle.Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy-Scanning electron microscopy analysis yielded major elemental constituents of leaf aqueous extract nano-particles are potassium, calcium, chlorine, oxygen, iron, magnesium, sodium and phosphate. Form the study it was found that leaf extracts showed significant activity due to the presence of varied elements and several functional groups.
... Antibacterial activity test was conducted by a well diffusion method according to Prabhu et al., (2010). The experiment involves testing the produced AgNPs from the LPE against most human pathogenic bacteria, including Acinetobacter baumannii (ATCC 19606), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), and Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 49132). ...
The present work aimed to synthesis silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using biological waste products Citrus limon peels, its characterization, antimicrobial activities and the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized green AgNPs. Characterization of the prepared AgNPs showed the formation of spherical, and few agglomerated AgNPs forms as measured by UV–visible spectrophotometer. The average size of the prepared AgNPs was 59.74 nm as measured by DLS technique. The spectrum of the synthesized AgNPs was observed at 3 KeV using the EDX. On the other hand, FTIR analysis of the green synthesized AgNPs showed the presence of alcohols, phenolics, mono-substituted alkynes, aliphatic primary amines, sodium salt, amino acid, or SiOH alcohol groups. The antimicrobial studies of the formed AgNPs showed positive activity against most of the studied human pathogenic bacteria with varying degrees. Finally, the evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of the green synthesized AgNPs were done using two types of cell lines, human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and human colon carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). The results revealed the concentration has a direct correlation with cell viability. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of MCF-7 cell line was in of 23.5 ± 0.97 µL/100 µL, whereas the HCT-116 cell line was in 37.48 ± 5.93 µL/100 µL.
... A number of nanoparticles based therapeutic have been accepted clinically for infections, vaccines and renal diseases [2]. Oligodynamic silver having antimicrobial efficacy extends well beyond its virotoxicity and it have lethal effects spanned across all microbial domains [3]. The application of silver nanoparticles in drug delivery, drug discovery and new drug therapies have declare war on many dead full diseases and they use the body natural transport pathway and natural mechanism of uptake of the drug by the diseased cells [4]. ...
In the present investigation, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using fresh leaf extract of Aristolochia bracteata Retz. (Aristolochiaceae). The extract incubated with AgNO 3 showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from greenish to reddish brown it indicates the silver nanopaticles synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized and investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV-Visible absorption spectrum recorded for the solution shows the distinguishing surface plasmon significance band for silver nanoparticles in the range of 375 nm to 620nm. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of different functional groups like secondary Alcohol (O-H stretch, H-bonded), Alkanes (-C-H-stretch), Alkene (C=C-stretching), Aromatic (C=C stretching), Alkane (-C-H bending), Ether (C-O stretching), Alkene (=C-H bending). The characterization of silver nanoparticles by XRD studies revealed the average particle size to be 7.2nm. On assessment with the silver nitrate and plant extracts, silver nanoparticles outperformed the antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Micrococcus luteus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Vitex L. is the largest genus of the Lamiaceae family, and most of its species are used in the traditional medicinal systems of different countries. A systematic review was conducted, according to the PRISMA methodology, to determine the potential of Vitex plants as sources of antimicrobial agents, resulting in 2610 scientific publications from which 141 articles were selected. Data analysis confirmed that Vitex species are used in traditional medicine for symptoms of possible infectious diseases. Conducted studies showed that these medicinal plants exhibited in vitro antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Vitex agnus-castus L. and Vitex negundo L. have been the most studied species, not only against bacterial strains but also against fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, viruses such as HIV-1, and parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. Natural products like agnucastoside, negundol, negundoside, and vitegnoside have been identified in Vitex extracts and their antimicrobial activity against a wide range of microbial strains has been determined. Negundoside showed significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 12.5 µg/mL). Our results show that Vitex species are potential sources of new natural antimicrobial agents. However, further experimental studies need to be conducted.
Iron oxide nanoparticles are now widely used in biomedical applications because they are non-toxic to biological systems. Iron oxide nanoparticles' magnetic and semiconductor capabilities can also lead to multiple medical applications. The antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties of these nanoparticles have been employed in the medical field. The diagnosis of cancer has been improved with the use of medicines and iron oxide nanoparticles for treatment. However, a lot of these medications have negative health impacts. As an alternative, plant-derived phytochemicals have been administered to functionalize these nanoparticles in order to counteract any unfavourable effects. In the present study, ex-situ co-precipitation was used to produce Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles that were then coated with Chitosan. Iron ferric and ferrous solutions were dissolved in ammonia to create Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Fe 3 O 4 was synthesized prior to the addition of Chitosan. By using XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis methods, thermal (TGA) and magnetic (VSM) properties of nanoparticles with drug-loaded curcumin were identified.Then the samples' anti-microbial activities are determined by using the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The results clearly prove the structural, strength and anti-microbial activity of ironoxide/chitosan/curcumin loaded nanoparticlesHence, thisnanoparticlescan be used as a drug in near future.
Silver nanoparticles have unique features that can contain
many applications such as antimicrobial, anticancer, larvicidal,
catalytic and wound healing. The biogenic synthesis and their
pharmacological and other possible applications of silver
nanoparticles using plants is gaining traction because of its
guaranteed rewards. This important analysis aims to provide an
insight into the phytomediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their
extensive use in different fields and their characterization
techniques.
Special Issue of Conference on Advanced Methods for Material Characterization” (SCAMMC- 2018).
This research will use aqueous extracts of Targionia indica Kash., Cyathodium tuberosum Kash., and Anthoceros erectus Kash., to synthesize and classify silver nanoparticles. These bryophytes were grown ex-situ in the lab and further research was conducted. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial properties. In the Raigad district, bryophytes were collected from the Revdanda and Kashid coastal site vegetation. The appearance of a reddish brown colour shift suggests the development of AgNps. UV-Vis was used to classify these AgNps. The green synthesis extracts of valued bryophyte species display antimicrobial activity, i.e. zone of inhibition against bacterial strains such as E. coli, Pseudmonas aeroginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as fungal strains such as Rhizopus spp. and Alternaria spp.
Nanotechnology is an important field of modern research dealing with the synthesis, strategy, and manipulation of a particle’s structure ranging from approximately 1–100 nm in size. Within this size range, all properties (chemical, physical, and biological) change in fundamental ways from individual atoms/molecules and their corresponding bulk formulations. The use of nanoparticles is considered very promising due to their immense antimicrobial properties due to their large surface area to volume ratio, which is growing into a huge expectation in the research field. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained great interest also because of their unique properties such as good conductivity, chemical stability, catalytic and most importantly antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal along with anti-inflammatory activities, which are harnessed in composite fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, electronics components, and food industries. Many studies have revealed the biomedical applications of AgNPs, which include topical creams, antiseptic sprays, wound dressings, and also project a wide biocidal effect against microorganisms by disrupting their unicellular membrane, thus disturbing their enzymatic activities. Nanoparticles are also being successfully used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This chapter will emphasize the phytogenic synthesis of AgNPs along with the aforesaid aspects of AgNPs. The chapter will also summarize the pros and cons associated with use of AgNPs as well as the upcoming paradigm in AgNPs research. We will also try to summarize the market potential of AgNPs and associated products.
Background and aims: Nanophytosynthesis is a part of nanobiotechnology science and it is the use of plant secondary metabolic compounds through which the synthesis of different nanoparticles is carried out. The resistance of microbes to conventional synthetic antibiotics is inevitable. To reduce this resistance, effective nanoparticles that can have an antibiotic enhancement effect have been used. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enhancing the antibiotic properties of chloramphenicol using nanoparticles made by nanophytosynthesis.
Methods: The cubic nanocrystallites of silver were synthesized by nanophytosynthesis method with utilization of the aerial part of Anthemis talyschensis methanolic extract. The structure and optical properties were investigated by FT-IR, UV/Vis, TEM, SEM and XRD. Antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanocrystallites as separately and in combined with chloramphenicol against four bacterial species were studied according to the disk diffusion method.
Results: The results showed that more than 75% of the synthesized silver nano particles have a cubic structure. The biological study showed that these nanoparticles have a good activity against growth of bacteria and enhances the antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol as antibiotic.
Conclusion: Increasing the inhibition of bacterial growth by these nanocrystals was associated with the silver nano cubic structure. Also, nanophytosynthesis method for different nanoparticle preparation is an economical and green synthesis method, and it is in the adjustment of nature which it provides an optimal condition for production of nanoparticles.
Natural phytoconstituents play a vital role in the treatment of disease in humans. Problems associated with these natural compounds like solubility, absorption, stability, half-life, metabolism, and rapid excretion make it not suitable to dispense through the conventional dosage forms. Hence, researchers are in search for the development of novel drug delivery system of medicine to overcome aforementioned hindrances. Recently, research and development in nanotechnology has been combating these issues by developing nanocarriers for the efficient delivery of these phytoconstituents. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges associated with the development of novel formulations and focus on the design and development of various nanocarriers like phytosomes, liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsion, self-microemulsifying and nanoemulsifying system, and polymeric nanoparticle and microsphere and its future prospective.
Materials called biodegradable green composites consisting of matrices and reinforcers made entirely from natural resources are macro-, micro-, or nano-sized materials that can fulfill desired mechanical and thermal properties as well as being light. Producing natural polymers with good mechanical properties and thermal stability has attracted the attention of many researchers. The use of this material through a variety of mixtures and composites has become more and more popular as raw materials are limited and there is more concern about greener material that is environmentally friendly. Therefore, materials made from renewable sources such as biocompatible/biodegradable polymers can dominate the future by replacing the petroleum raw material. However, more efforts are needed to achieve better properties of the renewable polymer blend and composites and also to address the deficiencies of this new material. To do this, a basic understanding of renewable material types, structures, properties, and potential applications as needed. The study covers the application areas of biodegradable green composites. The stated application areas can be literature support for the rapid development of biodegradable composites at the request of researchers, manufacturers, and consumers for environmentally friendly products.
The high availability and low cost, added to its renewable, biobased and biodegradable nature, make TPS a promising alternative to the non-biodegradable plastics produced from fossil resources. However, in order to be competitive, its mechanical and water vapor barrier properties, as well as its stability in high moisture environments, must be improved. In this chapter, strategies for the development of TPS matrix composites such as those obtained from starch/biodegradable polyester blends are developed. In particular, two systems are deeply described: PBAT/starch and PHB/starch. The chosen polyesters have the important advantage of being biodegradable in soil, very stable in water due to their hydrophobic character and mechanically good enough to improve starch’s properties. The inclusion of fillers and strategies to improve polymer compatibility, including the use of compatibilizers, polymer modifications and special processing conditions, are reported. The properties of these materials are studied from three key points for their application: thermal, barrier and mechanical. The results show that the combination of the two strategies, making a blend and including fillers, leads to the best results. However, there is still much to improve, especially regarding the compatibility between the involved phases.
Green nanocomposites materials are eco-friendly with superior properties such as high mechanical strength, high toughness, high thermal stability, high stiffness, high conductivity and high corrosion resistance than bulk materials. These properties make them applicable in numerous applications in the field of medicine, aerospace, automotive, electronics, catalysis, etc. They are synthesized green synthesis methods using bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. Among these methods, plant-mediated nanocomposite synthesis is preferred as the microorganism-mediated synthesis requires proper handling and crucial separation techniques to remove them from the synthesized nanocomposites. The medicinal plant-mediated green synthesis is more powerful technique and gaining important recent days. The simple experimental procedure, high efficiency and versatility in synthesizing make this method easy viable method. The harmful chemicals used in conventional chemical methods are not used in this synthesis makes this method more environmentally friendly. Moreover, the medicinal properties of the medicinal plants may be incorporated into the green nanocomposites.
Thirty one samples of gum swabs were collected from patients with tooth caries (5-30 years old) from the College of Science (Biology department)-University of Baghdad-Iraq for the period from October 2018 to December 2018. , The samples were transported, after inoculation in a transport media (nutrient broth), to the laboratory of the College of Science and then cultured on mannitol salt agar and blood agar). The isolates belonging to Staphylococcus spp. were identified by biochemical tests and Vitek 2 compact system, while the more antibiotic resistant isolates were identified by using Polymerase Chain Reaction(﴾PCR) and sequencing of 16SrRNA. The results showed sharp UV absorption peaks at 303-303nm and AFM at 56 nm. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) results showed that lemon silver nanoparticles (NPs) are spherical in shape. The results also demonstrated that the silver NPs have a higher antibacterial activity with a diameter of inhibition zone that reached 16mm as compared with the common three mouthwash and toothpaste brands (Colgate, Crest and Close up) that had inhibition zone values of 5-8mm.
The infectivities of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 were inactivated by silver nitrate at concentrations of 30 μM or less,
which did not affect at all the infectivities of hemagglutinating virus of Japan, vesicular stomatitis virus, poliovirus,
vaccinia virus, and adenovirus. The inactivated virus retained the capability of adsorbing to the cell, with an adsorption
kinetics quite similar to that of intact virus, and of inducing the concanavalin A agglutinability in the infected cells,
whereas it lost completely the capability of producing viral antigens and other cytopathic changes.
DNA is a promising construction material for the supramolecular 'bottom-up' engineering of artificial nanostructured devices. The use of DNA for the selective positioning of macromolecular components, the fabrication of nanostructured DNA scaffolds, as well as the DNA-templated synthesis of nanometer-sized and mesoscopic complexes, consisting of inorganic and bioorganic compounds, are exciting areas of current research.